How does the concept of Citizenship contribute to our understanding of Essay

How does the concept of Citizenship contribute to our understanding of the experience of minority ethnic groups - Essay Example Legal British citizenship for the minorities has been changing concept recently with more regularities and demands. The citizenship requirement is not spread in an uniform way amongst the minorities; instead, the blacks seem to be having an upper hand here. "The rates of British Citizenship found across different groups contain a high degree of variance, with black Africans exhibiting the highest level of non-British citizenship in 1977," (Evans, 1999, p.105). Blacks who have migrated into Britain since the days of slavery and increased their numbers in recent decades, have become better naturalised citizens than other minorities. Complete naturalisation and acceptance of British way of life, while retaining some of their own traditional values, depends on many criteria. The main factor that should be considered here is the period of migration and the length of stay here. "These factors are the period of migration, the economic conditions of migration, the citizenship regime of the host state, and the ways in which the political cultures imported by immigrants from their original countries have combined with native political cultures," (Pennin... This means, an individual's mindset about Britain and its citizenship mainly depends upon the treatment he received from the British people after migrating here, the stereotyped models the individual has maintained in his mind and also the prejudiced or unprejudiced attitude he had developed over the years, either aided by the local population, or totally unaided. Victorians thought that the minorities were uncivilised people from far off colonies, and unfortunately they showed it in their attitude. This does not mean that there were no kind people in Victorian days. If the minorities had come into contact with well-balanced thinkers, there are instances of positive outlook where the person became happy under a helpful employer or a friend. The mass migration was from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and West Indies. The settlements were localised and some clusters emerged in London, Liverpool, Cardiff, in the early 1800s and in those days, they were all referred to as black communities. They lived a poor life, as any other immigrants of any country and tried hard to eke out a living. "A pattern of black minority ethnic settlement characterised by residential concentration, segregation and deprivation is now well-established in Britain.the day-to-day experience of most people living in Britain at that time was a white one," (Pacione, 2002, p.216). Eventually their living conditions, with their own hard work and government help, improved and along with it, improved the attitude of the British, who came to recognise the good qualities of their minorities. In any country, it is quite natural, to have wrong opinion, dislike, suspicion about the new people who look

Global Issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Issues - Assignment Example ent is not solely responsible for all the decisions made regarding foreign policies even though he is the primary architect and his participation is very important. The following groups also help in shaping the foreign policies; the senate, congress, intelligence agencies, departments of the cabinet, and the military (Ramachandran, Sita.  40). President Obama’s approach employs targeted force in a way that is of a responsible fashion. He is caring, respectful, confident and respectful. His leadership style is one that is mindful in decision making. He was a senator before his election to presidency. He was give birth in 1961 .He is a Harvard Law School and Columbia university graduate. He was a community organizer prior to graduating. Worked as for civil rights and taught constitution law. Former president George Bush used pragmatic and conservative approach in foreign policies. He was hard working, unpretentious, practical, ambitious, determined and forceful. He was born in 1946, a politician and a business

You will develop a brief case study from your own adolescent Essay

You will develop a brief case study from your own adolescent experience - Essay Example Finally, I really do not understand why parents would like to keep the children at home when we wanted to explore and discover the world. Parents tend to be very controlling and would like to interpret the world as they see it from their point of view. And this is very suffocating from an adolescent’s point of view which is still in the process of discovering the world. They also tend to capitalize on their being parents to impose on us that they are always right. This includes knowledge about the world and they tend to interpret the universe according to their world. They also would like to keep us at home saying that there is nothing to be seen outside when everything needs to be seen from our point of view. Everything may already be common to them having all those experiences but it is different from our point of view. Everything is still a novel to us and we would like to discover it, experience it and learn from it. We may make mistake along the way but we realize that it is part of growing up. The most obvious theoretical explanations that would explain the situation are generational gap, communication gap and overprotective tendency of parents. Generational gap because parents could not see the world from our eyes and would like to interpret it as how they see it fit. They do not realize that the world is changing and that the world is different today compared to their time. Communication gap is different from generational gap. Communication gap is more specific to language whereas generational gap are differing mindsets. Parents mode of communication is inefficient and very formal and they do not know how to abbreviate to facilitate understanding quicker. This may be tolerable at first but could get annoying when they do it often. For example, they like long winded sermons and talk while we talk in shortcuts such as â€Å"brb† (be right

How have racial stereotypes about the Arab-Americans and Muslims Essay

How have racial stereotypes about the Arab-Americans and Muslims affected them, and what can be done to improve relationships in America - Essay Example While trying to adapt to situations when they were confronted with hatred and racism, Muslim Americans felt a significant increase in the negative stereotypes demonstrated by the larger American society, and Muslim immigrants faced extremely negative attitudes, much more than those faced by other new comers to the country. An upsurge in racial and religious animosity rendered Arabs, Middle Easterners, Muslims, and all those who bore stereotyped physical similarity to belonging of these groups, extremely vulnerable to hatred and hostility from people of other cultures in America (Amiri, 2012). While ‘Muslim’ is a religious label and has no pertinence to race, the line between racism and religious prejudice is frequently blurred. Muslim Americans are looked upon as a monolithic group, perceived as a religious minority who act, think, and behave in the same way within their religious community, despite the fact that even among themselves, there exist differences of ethnicity. Despite media reports of the negative stereotypes of Muslims, there has been scant psychological research to support the attitudes of non-Muslims towards Muslim Americans. Various studies have been performed for exploring the negative approach towards Arabs but it is also noted that no such activity has been formed for exploring behaviors of Muslimes. In Europe a research has been done, on the area of ‘Islamophobia’ which means dread or hatred of Islam. A survey was conducted in the United Kingdom which pointed to the fact that prejudice against Muslims has surged upward in re cent years (Ridouani, 2011). Owing to the fact that many Muslim American stand out as culturally rather distinct, it is worthwhile to speculate and discover whether the attitudes of non-Muslims toward Muslim Americans reflect those demonstrated by European non-Muslims towards the members of these minority groups.

Chapter one Essay Example for Free

Chapter one Essay The balanced scorecard was developed by Kaplan and Norton in the 1990s, according to published reports approximately 50% of fortune 1000 corporations have implemented the BSC system of business management. This discourse will examine the balance scorecard (BSC) business module and its potential fit on Pepsi Saudi Arabia. It will critically analyze the core elements of BSC, and why it could serve as the primary operating business engine for Pepsi corp of Saudi Arabia. This paper will reference data from other companies that  have adopted the BSC to evaluate the potential financial and operational advantage that Pepsi Saudi would stand to gain by using BSC. Even though there are inherent shortcomings in the BSC system of management, the paper will seek confirmation by using empirical findings and reports from other organizations that have already embraced BSC, Pepsi Saudi ought to benefit immensely from the system when it is fully implemented. INTRODUCTION: The Balanced Scorecard (BSC) was developed by Kaplan and Norton in the 1990s, it  is a management system designed to measure the entire performance of a company by measuring all relevant angles of the company’s operations. BSC requires the company to retain its core financial measurement, but it goes further and expands the measurement to other important business areas. The BSC looks at the entire business from four perspectives, the customer perspective, financial perspective, the internal business process and the learning and growth perspective. It collects and analyzes data relevant to the company. And it helps managers to get clearer more meaningful picture of their company, which in turn enables them to plan, improve and execute operational goals. The objective of this paper is to advocate the adaptation of BSC by Pepsi Saudi. The strength and economic advantages of BSC and why it would be beneficial to Pepsi Saudi will be extensively discussed in this presentation. PEPSI SAUDI ARABIA: The Pepsi company of Saudi Arabia is comprised of two key divisions based on the western region of the country, one the Saudi International Project Company (SIPCO)  and the other is Saudi Fruit Juice and Beverage Industry (SFJBI). This paper will look at this merger and how it could use the BSC methodology to elevate its entire operation and increase its profit margin. BALANCE SCORECARD (BSC). Developed in the 1990s by Kaplan and Norton, balanced scorecard is a business management system that uses measurement to verify strategic plans. It tries to align business operations to the strategies of the business, by measuring the performance of the business in relations to its goals, usually for a given time period. It relies largely  on the premise that a business principle or a business function that could be measured could also be improved upon. â€Å"What gets measured gets done†. If a company can establish a measurement system to analyze its performance, then that company can find a way to improve on its performance based on the result of the measurement. Experts generally agree that the companies that take the time to measure their own performance usually does better than the companies who do no possess the tools of measurement. Based on the outcome of a business measurement BSC encourages  managers to prioritize their efforts. The BSC does not focus on financial measurements alone, because financial measurement alone can not reveal all the important data needed for long term performance. The balanced scorecard incorporates such business elements based on the customers needs, employees, technology, and other critical elements that could help the company emerge stronger in the future. Essentially BSC takes stock of the whole business. It uses the â€Å"feedback loop† to pinpoint all problematic areas and then it develops solutions  for them. Managers and employees can then learn from those points that had been identified by the loop. It looks at the company’s current position then initiates the necessary strategies for correction. It uses learning, technical innovations and appropriate behavioral shifts and cultural identities to accommodate essential actions for the benefit of the company. BSC also sets aside time to study the applications that have been implemented, and then analyzes the results for effectiveness of those mechanisms or lack of effectiveness.

Transdermal fentanyl patch in the use of chronic and non chronic pain

Transdermal fentanyl patch in the use of chronic and non chronic pain What is Fentanyl? Transdermal Fentanyl is a synthetic narcotic analgesic that is widely used in clinical anaesthesia which was originally synthesised by Dr Paul Janssen in the early sixties. It is approximately one hundred times more potent that morphine; which is thought of a the golden standard for opiods; this is where other opiods are compared and tested against morphine. Due to its potency, Fentanyl is mainly used for chronic long term illnesses such as cancer; however it is also used in short term acute pain for example child birth (a Fentanyl epidural would be used in this situation). Fentanyl can be administrated in many ways, which include: patch, ionysys, lollipop, injection and epidural. Biochemistry Janssens synthesis of fentanyl was to reactN-phenethylpiperidone with aniline to create 4-anilino-N-phenethylpiperidine. This compound is then reacted with propionyl chloride to give pure fentanyl, which is toxic and must be diluted in order to administrate to patients. American Chemical society 2005. Transdermal Fentanyl works by binding itself to the  µ-opioid receptors found in the Central Nervous System and the Gastro-Intestinal tract. It has high lipid solubility therefore it binds strongly to plasma proteins and can quickly cross the blood-brain barrier. This in turn causes the patient to have a sense of euphoria by increasing the patients pain threshold (the amount of discomfort a person feels enough to consider pain) and reducing the sensitivity of pain. Side effects and Benefits Transdermal Fentanyl is a more popular choice among patients as it provides a better quality of life and produces fewer side effects compared to that of other opiods. The side effects of Fentanyl are generic for all opiods, these include; respiratory depression (where the patients breathing becomes depressed and slow) muscle spasms, abnormal blood pressure (could be both high or low), nausea, vomiting, blurred vision, itching (caused by the substance making direct contact with the skin), euphoria, dizziness, weight loss and constipation. On the other hand there are many benefits that come from using the drug, example; A longer period of release i.e. Fentanyl patch can be released throughout the body for a seventy two hour period using the patch; and according to clinical studies provides an improved pain relief compared to that of morphine. A smaller volume is needed due to its potency and less constipation and less sedation occurs (the patient recovers motor function quicker). Converting a patient onto Transdermal Fentanyl Patch from Morphine The direct adaptation from Morphine to Fentanyl was first determined and tried by cancer patients. These patients are seen to have a steady and unvarying level of pain, and are receiving a constant dosage of Morphine to relieve it. On unstable pain Fentanyl does not work at its best. Below is an example of a patient receiving 100mg IV Morphine Sulphate and is going home on Fentanyl patch. 1) Convert to 24h oral MS dose 100mg/ IV MS = x 10mg/d IV MS 30mg/d oral MS 2) Adjust for cross-Tolerance 300mg/d oral MS x 0.65†  = 200mg/d oral MS †  Deriving a 35% reduction is equivalent to multiplying by 0.65 3) Convert adjusting to dose to Fentanyl Transdermal Patch dose 200mg/d oral MS = 55 µ/hr Fentanyl Patch 3.6 4) Round to closest Fentanyl Patch dosage from (25, 50, 75, 100) 55 µ/hr → 50 µ/hr Fentanyl patch† Ã¢â‚¬   † Ã¢â‚¬  Replace patch every 3 days 5) Provide oral morphine q2-4h for a break-through -pain at 10% of 24hr period total 200mg/d oral MS x 0.10 = 20mg oral MS q2-4h prn breakthrough pain Ali Olyaei PharmD, 2005 Fentanyl patch The Fentanyl patch is generally deliberated if there is no access oral for the patient and is unable to take Fentanyl orally in a tablet/lozenge form or If the patient is reluctant to continue on morphine to due unpleasant side effects such as constipation, tolerance; or if the patient is know to overdose or not taking the medication this is where the patient will become supervised. The Transdermal Fentanyl patch is often seen as the most common and easy way to treat chronic and non-chronic pain. It allows the patient to self administer the drug at home and has the longest effect on the body. (Margaret Gibbs 2009) The Patch can also be assisted by the lollipop, by using it as a top up mechanism to pain relief. Many health care professionals suggest that the patch should only be used for patients who are opioid-tolerant and cannot successfully manage there pain with other dugs such as morphine. The Patch can come in two forms which include; a Reservoir patch, where the patch is suspended in a matrix and placed onto the skin; and a Matrix patch where the drug is distributed evenly throughout a matrix. Reservoir Patch The principle of this patch is to understand and evaluate the stability and skin penetration profiles of Fentanyl. For this patch the Fentanyl is limited within a reservoir within the patch in a gel form. Dangerous drugs, Justinian Lane 2010 Matrix Patch Unlike the Reservoir patch there is no Fentanyl gel contained within the patch. This style of patch places the Fentanyl within the adhesive so it makes direct contact with the skin. (Causing the side effect of itching). This design of patch is seen as safer as is it unable to leak gel. Dangerous drugs, Justinian Lane 2010 How to apply the Patch There are many guidelines according to Drug and Therapeutics Committee August 2009; that a patient is required to follow in order to use the patch successfully. * Apply to clean, hairless skin such as the upper arm (which has not exposed to radiotherapy) and seize in place for 1 minute. * The patch works by creating a deposit of drug under the skin through the pores of the skin. * The patch should be replaced every 72 hours. Rotate position so not to irritate the skin. * Avoid direct heat and if the patient has a fever observe for opioid toxicity. * Fentanyl is causes less constipation than morphine. Therefore use half the dose of laxative if needed and repeat. * Prescribe strong opioid for breakthrough with either immediate release morphine sulphate /oxycodone or subcutaneous strong opioid The Patch works by releasing Fentanyl (either from the matrix gel or the Fentanyl Adhesive) into the body fats through the pores of the skin, which in turn releases the drug slowly and constantly around the bloodstream eventually passing the blood brain barrier allowing it to bind to  µ-opiod receptors, giving a constant pain relief of between forty-eight and seventy-two hours which is usually constant. However, it takes approximately four- twelve hours for the patch to begin releasing Fentanyl into the body. At this point the Fentanyl lollipop would be used to keep the patients pain relief up. Dosage is based on the size of the patch and absorption rate is usually regular, depending on many factors which include body temperature, size of the patient, skin type, quantity of body fat, and placement of the patch; can all have major effects on pain relief and dosage. Fentanyl patches are manufactured in five sizes: 12.5  µg/h,25 µg/h, 50 µg/h, 75 µg/h and 100 µg/h. Fentanyl Lollipop The Transdermal Fentanyl Lollipop is a fast end effective method of administrating the drug, as the drug enters the body via mucous membranes in the mouth. It is primarily used as a top up method of pain relief in conjunction to the Fentanyl Patch, when the patient requires it. It is an beneficial form of administration as the lollipop doesnt require trained medical staff regarding administration Richard Payneb et al. It is preferred among patient as it is portable and fast-acting. The dosages for the lollipop are the following: 200  µg in gray 400  µg in blue 600  µg in orange 800  µg in purple 1200  µg in green 1600  µg in burgundy Fentanyl is prescribed after an assessment of the patients condition, medical history and known tolerance to pain medication, such as Morphine. In addition, the dosage is decided based on the severity of the pain over a twenty-four hour period. Conclusion To summarise Transdermal Fentanyl is a potent synthetic analgesic which was manufactured for the treatment of both chronic and non chronic pain management which include situations such as cancer or childbirth. It is widely used for the treatment of cancer as is it approximately one hundred times more potent than morphine which is described as the golden standard for opiods. The Fentanyl patch is manufactured in two different styles; Matrix and Reservoir; they work by diffusing the drug through the pores of the skin and allowing it to be transported around the bodys blood system furthermore crossing the blood barrier binding to the  µ-opiod receptors. The lollipop as a top up mechanism in conjunction according to the patients pain level. The patch is effective and preferred by patients as it has fewer side effects than the majority of opiods i.e. morphine, and provides the patient with a better quality of life as it can be administrated at home and last for approximately seventy-two hours. References ~ Margaret Gibbs, The role of transdermal fentanyl patches in the effective management of cancer painhttp, (June 2009) ://www.internurse.com Last accessed 1ts December 2009 ~ Last accessed 1st march 2010 (Online) http://www.medicinenet.com/fentanyl_transdermal_system/article.htm ~ Figure 1 (online) http://pubs.acs.org/cen/img/83/i25/8325fentanyl.gif ~ American Chemical society 2005 (online) Last accessed 10th March 2010 http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8325/8325fentanyl.html ~ Drug and Therapeutics Committee August 2009 (online) Last accessed 12th March 2010 http://www.typepad.com/services/trackback/6a00d8341c716c53ef011571115245970c ~ Figure 2 (online) http://corpreform.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341c716c53ef01157205fb1a970b-pi ~ Figure 3 (online) http://corpreform.typepad.com/.a/6a00d8341c716c53ef01157205fb2a970b-pi ~ Figure 4 (online) http://pi.watson.com/product_shot_images/00591_3213_72.jpg ~ Last accessed 12th march 2010 (online) http://www.fifeadtc.scot.nhs.uk/support/Fentanyl%20palliative%20care.pdf ~ Last accessed 12th march 2010 (online) http://www.typepad.com/services/trackback/6a00d8341c716c53ef011571115245970c ~ Richard Payneb et al (online) Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate (OTFC) for the treatment of breakthrough pain in cancer patients: a controlled dose titration study, (1999) Pain 79 303-312, Last accessed www.sciencedirect.com 21/01/2010

Wireless Sensor Chip to Protect Wildlife

Wireless Sensor Chip to Protect Wildlife Name : Boyu Yao Summary The basic motivation of implanting the wireless sensor on different animals is that they are illegally being poached killed and smuggled or traded for the medicinal purposes while the authorities have not been completely able to stop this issues. The wireless sensor networks would be developed to cater this issue in which sensors would be implanted in animal that would give the information to the administrators about the animal being attacked. The information would be collected through camera for visual, micro phone for audio, GPs for location and heart rate sensor for getting an idea about the medical or biological symptoms of the animals whose heart rate increases as it senses danger. The information would be sent to the mobile phones connected to the sensor. This can be a really effective and faster way to overcome the issue and also the find out the real culprit behind this illegal poaching of the animals. Points for Extension Information must be given about the total battery life of the sensor and complete device that would be implanted along with the type of battery being used to make sure it is safe and sound as animals go into water. Detailed ways and mechanism of implanting the sensors into the bodies of the animals must be provided as the picture showed the sensor just placed on the head of the animal. Discussion about placing sensor at right place must be provided The network protocols that would be sued for the wireless communication should be illustrated in more detail. Interesting points The idea of getting the information about the health of the animals through measuring the heart was a great idea of getting the physical information The idea for future development of using the solar energy for battery charging along with size reduction is a good way for making device efficient. The connection and information sent to the monitors mobile is the fastest and most interesting way of communication. Student 2 Name : Shashank Student number: N9537112 Topic: Proximity sensors Summary: This presentation gave a comprehensive overview of the proximity sensors starting with the determination of difference between the capacitive and inductive sensors. The sensors function by measuring the changes in the capacity whenever an object comes near to the sensor while the size and the distance of the object hugely determines the changes in the capacitive. The advantage of the sensor is that it does not need to be in physical contact while the low cost and applications over the wide range of the appliances and electronic devices is another fact. The sensor the sensor works by emitting the electromagnetic fields and then measuring the strength of the signals getting back. The changes in capacitance is measured as sensor acts as the one plate of it and the object acts as the other plate of the capacitance.   The capacity of the sensor as just mentioned is closely related to the size and distances. Point needing Extension There must be more information delivered about the mechanism of installing these sensor in different devices More information should be given about the capacitive sensing abilities of these sensors with respect to a specific location. The working of these proximity sensors is not described in detail as well as the actual or real form or picture of the device was not included. Interesting points The fact that the power consumption of these sensors is very low makes them suitable for application in mobile devices having no direct power contact. The sensors work perfectly without the human intervention in the form of physical contact which makes its convenient and safer for use. It can be applied in a variety of device with the various functions like in car parking to avoid collisions and mobile phones to avoid wrong calls and detect touch.