English Language and Linguistics Author Nicholas Ostler

Question: Examine about theEnglish Language and Linguisticsfor Author Nicholas Ostler. Answer: Run: At the point when confronted with an impressive adversary we needed to run for our lives.[Concrete] The approach the administration for the applicant was not liberated from issues and hiccups.[Abstract] The items offered by these retailers were the entirety of the nature of the common [Highly abstract](Whorf, 1950). Torment: The torment of the enduring mother was insufferable and ignoble. [Concrete] We should figure out how to acknowledge all encounters in life independent of whether it causes agony or pleasure.[Concrete] The whole visit and excursion was an account of most extreme agony and burden since there were issues of housing and boarding to be endured at each progression of the professional tour[Abstract](Whorf, 1950). Think/Thought: As I remember the whole procedure of my sales rep companion entering the workplace of the Chairman of the organization it is hard for me to defeat the idea of an exceptionally reckless and savage individual entering this regarded office on the request of selling hardware alone.[Abstract] Nobody, who can mull over and think, had ever envisioned that this sales rep, will be coming out in the wake of stowing a major order.[Concrete] The very idea of this reckless youngster developing fruitful is horrendous because of his complete absence of pleasantness and refinement(Whorf B. , 1950).[Highly Concrete] Reflect: Beneficial things in life like fairness, obligingness and objectivity will get reflected uniquely from cleaned surfaces and not from individuals of the like of the present Manager.[Concrete] The decision of my companion as the following chief of the group to guide our club through the present grieved times reflect in a bigger number of ways than one the misshaped perspectives on the normal board of trustees member.[Abstract] The appointment of my companion to the regarded office of the club secretary just mirrors the nearsighted and misshaped dreams of the club members.[Abstract] According to Whorf the Covert classification is basically established on the syntactic and semantic highlights and parts of words. The significance of the word when found in separation is not the same as the articulation taken overall. Creator Nicholas Ostler addresses different focuses relating to the improvement of the English Language in the structure and surface as it exists today. Here in this site, he makesan endeavor to give the foundation and fundamental information about his works and him as an author. The essential expectation here is to empower the peruser to development and investigate on purposes of worry that the peruser may discover in them which as he would like to think happens to a simple thing for achieving since the current day Internet offers such huge numbers of methods of examining these aspects(Ostler, 2016). As per the expression of the writer which is referenced here so as not to lose the flavor and power expresses that in any event, for the 4 essential abilities involving composing, hearing, talking and perusing mastery the writer discovers there are massive varieties in the degree he can which is legitimately reliant on what he is endeavoring to process. The mastery of conversational discussion blurs when inspected with the necessity to appreciate and comprehend a longish talk or a monolog however by chance it being a particular specialized viewpoint which will render it simpler to follow and grasp contrasted with an ordinary presentation to any subject. The issue secured is normally natural when introduced in composed for since it permits the opportunity to misuse the information from different sources particularly English(Whorf B. , 1997). References: Ostler, N. (2016). Nicholas Ostler's experience, books and different distributions. Recovered November 09, 2016, from Nicholasostler: https://nicholasostler.com/presentation/ Whorf, B. L. (1950). The connection of ongoing idea and conduct to language. Recovered November 09, 2016, from Generalsemantics: https://www.generalsemantics.org/wp-content/transfers/2011/05/articles/and so forth/1-4-whorf.pdf Whorf, B. (1997). The ralation of ongoing idea and behabiour to language. Recovered November 09, 2016, from Springer: https://link.springer.com/part/10.1007%2F978-1-349-25582-5_35#page-1 Whorf, B. (1950). The connection of ongoing idea and conduct to language. Recovered November 09, 2016, from Stanford: https://web.stanford.edu/dept/SUL/library/extra4/sloan/mousesite/Secondary/Whorfframe2.html

Importance of religion in Persepolis Research Paper

Significance of religion in Persepolis - Research Paper Example The book gives a record of the strict guideline in Iran with extraordinary affectability. ‘Persepolis’ is a self-portraying record of the creator, Marjane Satrapi who had seen the progress of Iran from the government to the strictly fan state under Khomeini. The book is written in two continuations. While the initial segment gives point by point record of social and strict changes, the subsequent part gives record of her disappointment with her nation in the post upset time, when she returns from Europe to seek after higher examinations in Iran. The book is one of a kind in its comprehension of the Islamic religion as observed through the eyes of a kid and briefly passes on the frightfulness and fears of normal man. Persepolis is particular in its pictorial portrayal and printed content that precisely catch strict devotion and how it impacts regular men and their fantasies. The paper would talk about the job and significance of religion in Persepolis and characterizes di fferent characters and how individuals interface with one another under new system, headed by the strict pioneers, Khomeini. The creator has delicately depicted the evolving socio-strict ideal models of Islamic unrest in Iran through illustrations which she had drawn herself. The youth of the creator was spent in current society which delighted in the conveniences and lived in a free society that was not obliged by strict proclamations or fan strict rules that stifled the voice of ladies.

How to Write Counterargument and Refutation in an Essay

How to Write Counterargument and Refutation in an EssayCounter argument and refutation are the key in an essay. To master these two concepts in an essay, one needs to know the art of counter argument in the first place. Let us find out what you can learn from this article.The first thing to know about counter argument is the main theme of the paper. This is what usually drives the entire topic of the essay. If the theme of the paper is marketing trends, then the writers counter argument will be on the subject of marketing trends.Themes are always the core of all essays. In fact, one of the most challenging things in essay writing is to make the theme of the paper a strong theme in itself. What I mean by this is to make the theme not a mere stand-alone or secondary theme but a strong and complete theme.If we study counter argument and refutation, then we see that strong theme is very important in order to craft the statement into a strong theme. There is a huge difference between the two concepts. The two concepts mean totally different things. They have the same origin but differ only on the surface.The counter argument is that which you are making in the face of opposition and argument from your interlocutor. You need to be firm and forceful in your statements to overcome any kind of opposition. On the other hand, you need to be positive to overcome argument from your interlocutors. You need to be persuasive and confident in order to persuade your interlocutors to your way of thinking.There is a difference between what is being counterargument and what is being countered in the first place. It is a strong argument but it is not necessarily a solid argument. To counter argument is to make a strong argument for a particular point.As you can observe in the samples below, the writers are using their strengths and weaknesses to write an argument in which they can win over their interlocutors. The experts will be using their strong points to provide a strong point i n their essay. On the other hand, the beginners are using their weak points and strong points to make stronger points.The writers in the samples are giving different examples and various techniques to prove the point that you cannot just write something without considering your interlocutors' point of view. You need to consider their point of view before you write about that point of view. By observing the examples below, we can conclude that even if you write about a very strong point, if you ignore the interlocutors' point of view, you will not be able to win over them.

Racism And The American Criminal Justice System - 1584 Words

Today, African Americans and other minorities are over-represented in the criminal justice system, but under-represented politically in the United States of America. Since well before its inception in 1776, the United States of America has been a nation characterized by white supremacy. In fact, modern day America may not exist if not for the taking of land from the Indigenous Peoples on this very premise. Today, many Americans believe they live in a post-racial nation, citing the abolition of slavery in the 1860s. While racism has certainly been reduced in modern America, it is still ever-present in society, and more alarmingly, the criminal justice system. Today, the American criminal justice system acts as a front for state racism, imprisoning, disenfranchising, and disadvantaging minorities in shocking numbers. Colour-blind racists justify this as a cultural phenomenon rather than a flaw in the justice system. However, there is overwhelming evidence of a racial bias in the justice system. The infamous â€Å"War on Drugs† compounded the effects of this racial bias by instituting mandatory minimum sentences for minor drug offences. These sentences push what were formerly minor offences into the felony offence category. The legal system creates no less than three different patterns of inequality for convicted felons, of which a staggering number constitute racial minorities. Along with the obvious immediate consequences of imprisonment, felons are disenfranchised andShow MoreRelatedRacism : The Criminal Justice System1040 Words   |  5 PagesMr. Andrew Bagley PLS 213 American Federal Government-Online 25th November 2015 Racism in Our Criminal Justice System There are many different types of unlawful racism in the criminal justice system. It goes from back in the early part of our great nation’s birth to the killing of Martin Luther King Jr. to Ferguson, Missouri. The path that racism takes is from old time’s point of view. The way to clear up racism in our criminal justice system is simple and easy. Americans need to fully understandRead MoreBlack Americans And The Criminal Justice System994 Words   |  4 PagesThe criminal justice system in the United States is evident of several deep flaws relating to the treatment of black men and women accused of committing criminal offenses. It is logical to believe that due to the U.S.’s rather dark past surrounding the treatment of black Americans, systematic racism is included under the guise of the criminal justice system. The U.S. is historically infamous for it’s open racial discrimination against black Americans, up until systematic racism became one of theRead MoreThe United States The Criminal Justice System856 Words   |  4 Pages In the United States the criminal justice system does not always create policies that affect everyone equally. There are many policies that seem to target a specific group of people, whether this is intentional or not is beside the point. The important thing is to change the criminal justice system in order to stop race disparities. Marc Mauer in his lecture speaks of the reason for the disparity between races when it comes to the incarceration rate, as well as steps that can be taken in orderRead MoreRacism Is Not As Cruel Essay1679 Words   |  7 PagesRacism is defined as â€Å"Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one s own race is superior† (Oxford dictionary, 2016). It is obvious that racism in America is not as cruel as how it use to be many decades ago, as someone’s skin colour or beliefs cannot dictate his or h er own rights and freedom. However, racism has never gone away, it remains an issue and a struggle to this day. Numerous people may believe that America has transformedRead MoreIs The Mass Incarceration Of Blacks The New Jim Crow?1540 Words   |  7 PagesIs the Mass Incarceration of Blacks the new Jim Crow? American has a legacy of the mistreatment and disenfranchisement of African Americans. The same bad treatment that many think only took place in the past is in fact still intact, it’s just presented in a new way. The mass incarceration of blacks in the Unites States can be attributed to the â€Å"racial hierarchy† that has always existed. The U.S contributes to about 5% of the worlds overall population, and about 25% of the worlds prison populationRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System : An Analysis Of Income And Racial Inequality Essay1586 Words   |  7 PagesRyan Williams English 102 Professor 6 May 2015 The Criminal Justice System: an Analysis of Income and Racial Inequality In the history of civilized communities, one finds that different structures and practices are relevant and necessary to uphold and maintain order within society—hence, the establishment of the criminal justice system. The criminal justice system, according to the Oxford Dictionaries (2010), is defined as â€Å"the system of law enforcement that is directly involved in apprehendingRead MoreThe Effects Of Race On America Today1429 Words   |  6 PagesRacial oppression and racism have been an issue seen throughout the history of the United States. During the 60’s the era of the Civil Rights movement Americans saw advances in racial equality. This seems to have created a notion throughout the United States that racism was not an issue for many years. Yet racism still seems to be engrained in American society, it is just hard to realize when it is happening. Recently racial controversies surrounding the United states Justice System have been making theRead MoreRacial Discrimination And The Criminal Justice System1512 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough saying the criminal justice system is racist is a controversial statement, there is evidence and statistics that prove it to be true. Research and evidence validate the issue of racism to be undeniable. Equality and justice are out of reach with the racism that takes place in our criminal justice system and our country. Racial discrimination is prevalent amongst the African American culture in issues regarding drug use, and incarceration which creates unfair inequality for this race. I willRead MoreDisparity and Discrimination Essay790 Words   |  4 PagesMany different situations occur within the criminal justice system. The situations that will be discussed in this essay are Pseudospeciation, bigotry vs. racism, hegemony, social construction, and disparity vs. discrimination. There will be definition on these terms. After defining the all terms, I will apply these terms to the criminal justice system using examples to illustrate the understanding of the definitions. Pseudospeciation Pseudospeciation begins with the fact that cultural differencesRead MoreRacial Injustice1340 Words   |  6 PagesTHE CRIES AGAINST RACIAL INJUSTICE Racism is a bad thing, you find it everywhere in the schools, the clubs and also in the streets. Ââ€" Rasmus Casper The belief that one race by nature stands superior to another defines racism. Racism can be traced back to the beginning of civilization and has always existed as a horrible issue in our society. Many attempts and reforms have occurred in hopes of eliminating racism and much progress has been achieved. Yet, even after the emancipation

Biological And Environmental Factors Associated With Autism

What causes Autism? An overview of biological and environmental factors associated with Autism (ASD) Myia Hewison University of Sunderland PSY246 9th November 2014 Word count 1242 What causes Autism? An overview of biological and environmental factors associated with Autism (ASD) Autism, otherwise known as autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) has developed significantly over the past few years. There has been much research carried out since its discovery over sixty years ago (Wolff, Narayan Moyes, 1988), it is now described as a complex syndrome affecting the central nervous system and a developmental disorder that stems from a neurological disorder affecting normal brain function (Volkmar, 2007). This essay will examine both the biological and environmental factors believed to cause ASD, while considering some of the major theories surrounding the condition. ASD is identified by three distinguishing primary impairments in language, social skills and behavioural flexibility, which are referred to as the Triad of Impairments (Happe’ Ronald, 2009). Additionally, the primary characteristics that define ASD are often accompanied by various other features such as; learning disabilities, self-injury, aggression, repetition, ritualistic eating, drinking or sleeping behaviours and a compelling need for routine (Happe’ Ronald, 2009). Diagnosis is often carried out using the Autism Spectrum Quotient or AQ (Baron-Cohen, 2006) and it consists of a fifty itemShow MoreRelatedSoar Research Paper: Theories Of Autism. Autism Is Known1454 Words   |  6 PagesTheories of Autism Autism is known as a profound neural development disorder marked by an inability to communicate and interact with others. In many families, there appears to be a pattern of autism or related disabilities, further supporting the theory that the disorder has a genetic basis. (Autism and Neurodevelopment) While no one gene has been identified as causing autism, researchers are searching for irregular segments of genetic code that children with autism may have inherited. Autism symptomsRead MoreThe Link Between Autism And Autism1580 Words   |  7 Pagesof autism over the years. For example, the main cause was assumed by some to be bad parenting. Today, however, there is general agreement that the symptoms of autism, with the exception of those of abandoned children, are a behavioral response by young children to an organic disease affecting their brains. In fact, it is now generally understood that autism is a complex developmental syndrome representing a heterogeneous group of dis orders with similar symptoms, but with different biological etiologiesRead MoreThe Neurodevelopmental Disorders ( Asd )1693 Words   |  7 Pagesdevelopmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is newly classified as such; it was once classified as â€Å"Asperger’s Syndrome.† ASD is a severe neurodevelopmental impairment. The disorder limits the functioning capabilities of children and their capacity to communicate asRead MoreIs Autism a Primarily Genetic Disease?1448 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstood. Given the recent boom in imaging technology and other diagnostic methods, it is now possible to see more clearly into the scope of neurological development and accurately determine the etiology of these diseases. One of such disorders is A utism; a multifactorial condition impairing normal brain development. It affects many aspects of development, including social behavior, cognitive ability and communication skills1 and is commonly diagnosed in children before the age of three1. The symptomsRead MoreEffects Of Air Pollution Essay855 Words   |  4 PagesNia Wilson The effects of Air pollution Environmental pollution is the key concern for the humanity. It does not have any borders each member of our planet is affected by its devastating effects. Air pollution is the main factor contributing to general environmental problems. It is the emission of particulates, harmful materials, and biological molecules in the Earth’s atmosphere and is caused by both human and natural factors. The effects of air pollution are shocking. It causes numerous diseasesRead MoreA Research Study On Autistic Spectrum Disorder802 Words   |  4 Pagesof ASD dates back to the year 1908 when the word autism was first used to describe a subset of withdrawn schizophrenic patients. The word autism was then used again in 1943 when American child psychiatrist Leo Kanner, M.D., published a paper called â€Å"Autistic Disturbance of Affective Contact† describing eleven socially isolated children who displayed the same desire for sameness and aloneness describing their condition as early infa ntile autism (Autism Speaks, 2013). A year later German scientist namedRead MoreEtiological Theories Of Autism Spectrum Disorder Essay1964 Words   |  8 Pages Etiological Theories of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review of the Literature Nova Southeastern University Abstract Within the last twenty years, the amount of empirical research regarding the possible cause(s) and risk factors for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has increased (Lai et al., 2014). According to the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), ASD is currently identified in approximately 1 out of 68 children living in the United States, comparedRead MoreUnderlying Causes Of Autism Spectrum Disorder1882 Words   |  8 PagesUnderlying Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder Ariel Robinson Biology 4800-Fall 2016 Autism Spectrum Disorder is a developmental disorder that displays characteristics of significant impairments in social interactions and communication, obsessive interests, and repetitive behaviors.1 The DSM-5 characterizes Autism Spectrum Disorder as having a range of symptoms with varying severity, hence the term â€Å"spectrum†.2 Figure 1 shows a representation of the symptoms and sub-types of disorders that are characterizedRead MorePsychology Based Movie Review : What s Eating Gilbert Grape1646 Words   |  7 Pagesautistic brother, Arnie. Arnie is played by Leonardo DiCaprio, and for the purpose of this assignment, will be the focus of this analysis. Arnie exhibits behavioral abnormalities early on in the film. Particularly, he appears to exhibit symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. He displays persistent deficits in social communication, and social interaction. For example, the movie depicts Arnie as just turning 18, but his language skills seem to be fairly underdeveloped for an individual of this age. HisRead MoreThe Learning Theory Of Action1472 Words   |  6 Pageshave a response because it is associated with another stimulus that already gets a response from the individual. Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning, is a form of learning that is conditioned to respond in either a positive or negative way depending on the consequences that are produced by either positive or negative reinforcement. The learning theory is used in almost all aspects of the education system and in my paper I will talk about learning with autism and particularly the effects

Factors Affecting Social Networking Site - 4643 Words

DEDICATION To the Faculty and Staff of the College of Nursing, Manila Adventist Colleges To our family and friends for their unconditional love and support Thank you. The Researchers ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, we thank God, for giving us the strength, courage, guidance and faith that this research would be successful. Warmest gratitude to the following who contributed to the completion of this study: Dr. Ofelio Osorio, MAC Dean, College of Nursing (CON), for teaching and guiding us on how to do a research. Mrs. Mafel Falcatan, our adviser, for her patience, and knowledge shared on doing this study, for her meaningful insights, and constructive criticism. Mr. Berny Castillano, the statistician, thanks for†¦show more content†¦What are the benefits and purpose of doing these activities? Why are social networking sites frequently used by students nowadays? The researchers’ goal is to address these questions and have an in-depth study with regards to those questions stated above. Students’ usage of social networking sites provides long-lasting insights to identity construction, social behavior and peer-to-peer interaction therefore studies such as this arises that found out the real perspective of students about social life. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this study was to gain a personal understanding of what are the reasons of why most of teens are getting â€Å"addicted† to social networking sites, and how students are affected of this. This study is to put clearer understanding of the reasons why students spend most of their time on social networking sites and what are the benefits of this site for them. Significance of the Study The researchers determined the role of social networking sites on the social aspects of students. Guidance Counselors. This study will help the guidance counselors to be aware of the influences of social networking sites to the students in MAC. By informing them of this matter, they will be able to relate more with students and to give accurate advices to students that have problems involving SNS’s. School Administrators. This study will help the school administrators, like the guidance counselors, to be aware of the influences ofShow MoreRelatedHow Social Media Usage Is Affecting Relationship1540 Words   |  7 PagesHow Social Media Usage is Affecting Relationship Introduction Social media popularity grew so did the population of people increases every day due to knowing social networking sites. Today generations and their culture now dependent on social networking sites that s doesn t count as face-to-face communication. Prior to today s technology, people developed their relationships from face-to-face communication. Face-to-face communication allows a people to respond in conversation by utilizing verbalRead MoreThe Effects of Facebook to Study Habits1734 Words   |  7 PagesCollege High School Department S.Y. 2011 - 2012 THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL NETWORKING TO THE STUDY HABITS OF 4TH YEAR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS A Thesis Presented To: Mrs. Ma. Teresa C. Radovan In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements In English IV Submitted by: Juan Paulo Concepcion Renz Daniel Tenedero Jeffrey Sanchez John Lemuel Lastimado Jeoffrey Asuncion March 2011 CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM INTRODUCTION As many as you know, social networks have been famous since 2001 with Friendster, MySpaceRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Our Society1559 Words   |  7 Pagesdeny that social media has taken over conventional media in the world today. We can easily see that they have impacts on our society. Since the introduction of social network sites years ago, to communicate with friends and family has been easy once you have access to internet.The definition of social media is the relationship that exist between network of people (Walter Riviera, 2004). In the last ten years, the online world has changed dramatically. Thanks to the ivention of social media, youngRead Moreimpact of social networking sites1577 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ IMPACT OF SOCIAL NETWORKING AMONG STUDENTS A STUDY OF NTHMC KRISHNA MAN SHRESTHA Symbol no. 12030706 P.U registration no: 2011-2-03-2065 Nepal Tourism and Hotel Management College (N.T.H.M.C) Business Management Center (B.M.C) Submitted for the degree of: Bachelor of Business Administration (B.B.A) Pokhara, Kaski, Nepal 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER- I INTRODUCTIONRead MoreTrends of Social Networking1362 Words   |  6 PagesThe growth of social networking is one of the fastest growing digital trends to exist. Many social networking sites boast with millions if not billions of members. Prominent examples of these social sites are Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn. Members of these networks use them daily to communicate, share various types of information or to collaborate with other members. Mark Zuckerberg founded Facebook in 2004 and its sole purpose is to give people the power to share and connect with the world.Read MoreSelf-Esteem an Social Media985 Words   |  4 Pagesand has a multitude of factors, which can affect it in both positive and negative ways, including social interaction. As new forms of communication like online social networking are becoming more and more popular in the social lives of the newer generation, it is important to understand the ways that these social interactions effect self-esteem. Social Media Social media sites have become increasingly popular recently and have developed into somewhat of a staple for social lives of the younger generationRead MoreEffects Of Social Networking Sites On Relationships1528 Words   |  7 Pages Effects of Social Networking Sites on Relationships Several studies have found that using social networking sites excessively, including partner surveillance and monitoring, posting ambiguous information, and compulsive internet use, can be detrimental to romantic relationships (Ridgway Clayton, 2016). Social networking sites such as Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook, negatively influence our relationships. It is important to know the common conflicts and how to avoid them. It is alsoRead MoreHow Personality Influences What Type Of Sns A Person Will Likely Use1545 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract The amount of literature on social networking sites (SNS) and the question of the impacts it has on sociality has increased significantly in recent years. As a result, greater levels of variable specification is required. Testing the relationships among key variables is important when trying to understand the influential impact of these technological forums. With a recent growth in SNS such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram there is a distinct lack of psychological theory relating to SNSRead MoreThe Positives Of Social Media1570 Words   |  7 PagesPositives in Social Media Social Media use is progressively increasing and has definitely become part of our everyday life. This is occurring because there are so many benefits to using Social Media. As we move along in life people worldwide are beginning to become more reliant on Social Media and different technologies. Social Media is defined as websites and other online applications that enable users or large groups of people to create and share content or to participate in social and professionalRead MoreFacebook s Influence On Social Networking1529 Words   |  7 Pagesthe popular social networking website Facebook is the phrase â€Å"Connect with friends and the world you on Facebook† (Facebook n.p). The idea of needing social networking sites to â€Å"connect† with everyone else one knows or may meet has become embedded in American culture throughout recent years, especially among the teenage population. Facebook is easily the most popular sites, to the point where it would be consid ered unusual for someone attending high school to not have a profile on the site. However

Photographs objectify essay Example For Students

Photographs objectify essay Photographs objectify: they turn an event or a person into some thing that can be possessed. And photographs are a species of alchemy, for all that they are prized as a transparent account of reality (p. 81). Photographs can never really be objective records of history; photographers inject their own artistic attitudes into their work. Photographers have been immortalizing warfare with their cameras since the time of the Crimean War. Back then, it was impossible to create objective photographs, not that anyone would have tried. The British sent out Roger Fenton to present the war to the public as a dignified all-male group outing (p.50). Because it took several seconds to capture a single picture, it was impossible for Fenton to photograph actual combat, and the government forbade him from photographing any dead, ill or maimed soldiers. In addition, he had to pose his subjects, so the soldiers were aware of their being photographed. It was virtually impossible for Fenton to create candid, realistic photos that reflected the true lives led by the soldiers; he could only produce artful photographs that reinforced the attitudes presented to the British public by the government. But even after photography became more practical at the time of the Civil War, photographers still manipulated the composition of their photographs. Photographers like Alexander Gardner and Timothy O Sullivan still captured actual soldiers and actual battlefields, but they continued to use artistic license to create images that were more compelling to their viewers. Photographers posed dead soldiers and manipulated the compositions of their work, even though technology had progressed to the point that staging their photos was unnecessary. They still held onto the belief that to photograph was to compose (with living subjects, to pose) and the desire to arrange elements in the picture did not vanish because the subject was immobilized, or immobile (p. 53). With the invention of motion pictures, one would think that war would finally be recorded as it really happened, but this still wasnt the case. Soldiers reenacted battle charges and other events for the benefit of the cameramen. In 1898 Roosevelts Rough Riders charged up San Juan Hill a second time, after the battle, because the actual battle charge was deemed insufficiently dramatic. Films were also shot again if the original reel was too violent or too terrible. Historical records were still being fabricated, even though new technology made such falsifications increasingly difficult. With the advent of the motion picture, photographers became somewhat obsolete in their office of recording history. Yet photographs still hold power. Photography is selective; it is always the image that someone chose; to photograph is to frame, and to frame is to exclude (p. 46). Photographers in more recent times use their photographs to make statements about war. In the Vietnam War, photographers criticized the war with their photographs, to reflect and support the criticism expressed by the American public. However, the viewers of such photos still seem to forget about the photographers that are behind the photos, framing them to fit their purposes. A picture may be worth so many thousands of words, but those words are not and never will be objective. The problem is not that people remember through photographs, but that they remember only the photographs (p. 89). Photographs taken today in Iraq will be found in textbooks thirty years from now. Our children and the generations that follow will look at those pictures and read the stories that go along with them, but they will probably retain the memory of the photograph over the words found in the text. .u0e0d169434dd1f3a427f7eea5c0ed3d0 , .u0e0d169434dd1f3a427f7eea5c0ed3d0 .postImageUrl , .u0e0d169434dd1f3a427f7eea5c0ed3d0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0e0d169434dd1f3a427f7eea5c0ed3d0 , .u0e0d169434dd1f3a427f7eea5c0ed3d0:hover , .u0e0d169434dd1f3a427f7eea5c0ed3d0:visited , .u0e0d169434dd1f3a427f7eea5c0ed3d0:active { border:0!important; } .u0e0d169434dd1f3a427f7eea5c0ed3d0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0e0d169434dd1f3a427f7eea5c0ed3d0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0e0d169434dd1f3a427f7eea5c0ed3d0:active , .u0e0d169434dd1f3a427f7eea5c0ed3d0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0e0d169434dd1f3a427f7eea5c0ed3d0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0e0d169434dd1f3a427f7eea5c0ed3d0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0e0d169434dd1f3a427f7eea5c0ed3d0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0e0d169434dd1f3a427f7eea5c0ed3d0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0e0d169434dd1f3a427f7eea5c0ed3d0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0e0d169434dd1f3a427f7eea5c0ed3d0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0e0d169434dd1f3a427f7eea5c0ed3d0 .u0e0d169434dd1f3a427f7eea5c0ed3d0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0e0d169434dd1f3a427f7eea5c0ed3d0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Invention of Photography - The Daguerreotype EssayPhotographs have been used to depict warfare for centuries now. Photographers like Roger Fenton and Timothy OSullivan recorded the so-called realities of war. While their photographs were not completely true to life, they still hold a piece of the truth. Fentons photographs show the very idealistic side of the Crimean War, which did exist, if only in the rarest of moments, and OSullivans work showed the brutal realities of war-time epidemics and death on a battlefield. Even if his photographs were not photos of soldiers exactly as theyd fallen, they were photographs of real dead soldiers that had died real deaths, from real bullets or real illnesses. According to Sontag, a painting or drawing is judged a fake when it turns out not to be by the artist to whom it had been attributed. A photographà  is judged a fake when it turns out to be deceiving the viewer about the scene it purports to depict (p. 46). This is because people assume that photographs are not art, or that they can be both art and historical fact simultaneously. This is impossible. No matter how advanced technology becomes, it will always be impossible to produce a completely objective photograph; the photographer will inevitably shine through, in the subject matter, in the composition, in everything; a photographer becomes part of his work, and that work therefore becomes art. Photographers have not been recording warfare for centuries-they have been creating art surrounding warfare, and in doing so, they have captured the true essences of that warfare.